Catégorie : Law

Droit de la famille au Japon : où en est-on ? Qu’attendre des nouvelles dispositions ? (vidéo sur youtube)

Voir la vidéo en cliquant sur ce lien :

 

Sous le feu des critiques pour le drame des enlèvements parentaux d’enfants et des enfants privés de tout contact avec l’un de leurs parents suite à un conflit familial, le Japon a adopté en mai 2024 une réforme du Code civil rendant possible, après un divorce, la conservation de l’autorité parentale conjointe sous certaines conditions.

Mais quel sera l’impact réel de cette réforme ? C’est la question que nous avons posée aux intervenants de cette conférence tenue le 10 juillet 2024, et notamment au membre de la Chambre des représentants SHIBAYAMA Masahiko, l’un des instigateurs de cette réforme.

Conférence organisée par Français du monde – ADFE Tokyo avec le soutien de l’OLES Japon et l’aide de l’UFE Japon.

Un groupe de travail du ministère de la Justice japonais propose d’introduire la garde conjointe après le divorce

(Traduction par DEEPL de l’article original en anglais)

Les membres du sous-comité du droit de la famille du Conseil législatif du ministère de la Justice discutent de la garde parentale conjointe après le divorce au ministère de la Justice mardi. | Kyodo, staff report Aug 30, 2023

Un sous-comité gouvernemental a proposé mardi des révisions légales qui permettraient la garde parentale conjointe des enfants après le divorce, marquant le premier pas vers l’introduction d’un système qui est une pratique courante dans de nombreux autres pays.

Cette proposition intervient alors que l’attention se porte de plus en plus sur les âpres batailles de garde entre parents divorcés, de nombreux ex-conjoints ne pouvant pas voir leurs enfants dans le cadre de la politique actuelle de garde exclusive au Japon.

Le projet de proposition sur la garde des enfants après le divorce, présenté par le sous-comité du droit de la famille du conseil législatif du ministère de la justice, recommande que les parents décident ensemble s’ils ont la garde exclusive ou conjointe de leurs enfants, les tribunaux de la famille n’intervenant qu’en cas de litige.

Les partisans de la garde conjointe soutiennent que le système est plus pertinent à la lumière de la diversification des relations familiales, car il permet aux deux parents d’être impliqués dans l’éducation de leur enfant après un divorce.

Toutefois, des inquiétudes persistent quant au fait que ce système pourrait également perpétuer la violence domestique ou les abus en imposant des contacts continus avec un ancien conjoint.

En novembre dernier, un projet provisoire prévoyait également la possibilité de maintenir le système actuel de garde parentale exclusive, ce qui signifie que la dernière proposition pourrait encore faire l’objet de modifications à l’issue des discussions de la sous-commission.

De nombreux pays reconnaissent déjà la garde conjointe des enfants en cas de divorce des parents, et le parti libéral démocrate au pouvoir demande que des réformes juridiques soient discutées lors de la session parlementaire ordinaire de l’année prochaine.

Le projet de proposition suggère que si les parents ne parviennent pas à se mettre d’accord sur la garde de leurs enfants, la question sera tranchée par les tribunaux de la famille sur la base de la dynamique de chaque famille, les cas de violence domestique et d’abus étant pris en compte dans la décision.

Dans le cadre de la garde conjointe, les deux parents ont le droit de prendre les décisions quotidiennes concernant leur enfant, notamment en matière d’éducation et de traitement médical. La proposition suggère également l’introduction d’un système de paiement obligatoire de la pension alimentaire et la mise en place de meilleurs mécanismes juridiques pour la saisie des biens dans certains cas.

Au Japon, la garde d’un enfant est assurée par les deux parents lorsque le couple est marié. En cas de divorce, le code civil stipule que la garde ne sera accordée qu’à l’un d’entre eux, par crainte que la prise de décision cruciale ne devienne difficile et ne prenne trop de temps.

Le système japonais actuel de garde des enfants après la séparation diffère à certains égards des systèmes en vigueur dans d’autres pays.

Dans de nombreux pays, les systèmes de garde conjointe se composent de la garde légale – le pouvoir de prendre des décisions importantes pour un enfant sur des questions telles que l’éducation, la religion et les soins de santé – et de la garde physique, c’est-à-dire le temps qu’un parent passe avec l’enfant.

Mais au Japon, ce que l’on appelle la garde (shinken) d’un enfant se décompose différemment :

  • Le droit de garde d’un enfant (kangoken) – y compris le pouvoir de prendre des décisions quotidiennes pour lui, par exemple en matière de soins de santé et d’éducation.
  • Le droit de gérer les biens de l’enfant (zaisan kanriken).

En 2019, le Comité des droits de l’enfant des Nations unies a publié des rapports indiquant que le Japon devrait réviser sa législation pour « permettre la garde partagée des enfants lorsque cela est dans l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant, y compris pour les parents étrangers, et veiller à ce que le droit de l’enfant à entretenir des relations personnelles et des contacts directs avec son parent non résident puisse être exercé de manière régulière ».

Cependant, une enquête menée l’année dernière auprès de quelque 2 500 parents célibataires a montré qu’environ 60 % des personnes interrogées étaient en faveur d’un système de garde exclusive, tandis que seulement 9,6 % étaient en faveur de la garde conjointe.

Parmi les 24 pays autres que le Japon, y compris ceux du Groupe des 20, seules l’Inde et la Turquie accordent exclusivement la garde exclusive d’un enfant lorsque ses parents divorcent, selon un rapport du ministère de la justice datant de 2020.

Dans les pays où la garde conjointe est accordée, le système diffère d’une nation à l’autre. Par exemple, la garde conjointe est la norme pour les parents divorcés dans des pays comme l’Italie, l’Australie et la France, tandis qu’en Espagne et dans la province canadienne de la Colombie-Britannique, les parents peuvent choisir la garde exclusive ou conjointe, selon le rapport.

Copyright : The Japan Times
Lien vers l’article : https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/08/30/japan/society/joint-custody-divorce/

Translated with DeepL

ARTICLE ORIGINAL en ANGLAIS

Ministry panel proposes introducing joint custody after divorce

Members of the family law subcommittee of the Justice Ministry’s Legislative Council discuss joint parental custody after divorce at the Justice Ministry on Tuesday. | Kyodo, staff report Aug 30, 2023

A government subcommittee proposed legal revisions Tuesday that would allow for joint parental custody of children after divorce, marking the first shift toward introducing a system that is common practice in many other countries.

The proposal comes amid increased attention on bitter custodial battles between divorced parents, with many former spouses unable to see their children under Japan’s current policy of sole custody.

The draft proposal on post-divorce child care presented by the family law subcommittee of the Justice Ministry’s Legislative Council recommended that parents decide together on whether they have sole or joint custody of their children, with family courts only intervening if there is a dispute.

Proponents of joint custody argue that the system is more relevant in light of diversifying family relationships, as it enables both parents to be involved in their child’s upbringing following divorce.

But concerns persist that the system could also perpetuate domestic violence or abuse by forcing ongoing contact with a former spouse.

An interim draft last November also included the option of maintaining the current system of sole parental custody, meaning the latest proposal could still see changes following further discussions by the subcommittee.

Many countries already recognize joint custody of children in the event of their parents getting divorced, and there are calls within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party for legal reforms to be discussed in the ordinary parliamentary session next year.

The draft proposal suggests that if parents cannot reach an agreement on the custody of their children, the matter will be decided by family courts based on the dynamics within each family, with cases of domestic violence and abuse factored into the decision.

Under joint custody, both parents have the right to make day-to-day decisions concerning their child, such as those concerning their education and medical treatment. The proposal also suggests the introduction of a mandatory child support payment system and the provision of better legal mechanisms for seizing assets in certain cases.

In Japan, custody of a child is held by both parents when the couple is married. If they divorce, the Civil Code stipulates that custody shall be granted to only one of them, due to fears that crucial decision-making would otherwise become difficult and take too much time.

The current Japanese system for custody after separation is different in some ways to systems in other countries.

Joint custody systems in many nations consist of legal custody — the authority to make major decisions for a child on matters such as those of education, religion and health care — and physical custody, or the amount of time a parent spends with a child.

But in Japan, what is called custody (shinken) over a child is broken down in a different way:

  • The right to custody of a child (kangoken) — including the authority to make day-to-day decisions for them, such as on health care and education.
  • The right to manage a child’s assets (zaisan kanriken).

In 2019, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child issued reports stating that Japan should revise legislation to “allow for shared custody of children when it is in the child’s best interests, including for foreign parents, and ensure that the right of the child to maintain personal relations and direct contact with his or her non-resident parent can be exercised on a regular basis.”

But a survey of some 2,500 single parents conducted last year showed that about 60% of respondents were in favor of a sole custody system, while only 9.6% were in favor of joint custody.

Among 24 countries other than Japan, including those in the Group of 20, only India and Turkey exclusively grant sole custody of a child when their parents divorce, according to a Justice Ministry report in 2020.

In countries where joint custody is granted, the system differs in each nation. For instance, joint custody is the norm for divorced parents in countries such as Italy, Australia and France, while in Spain and Canada’s province of British Columbia, parents can choose sole or joint custody, the report said.

Copyright : The Japan Times
Lien vers l’article : https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/08/30/japan/society/joint-custody-divorce/

Manifestation du réseau Oyakonet à Tokyo, le 13 juillet 2008

Le réseau japonais Oyakonet a organisé un symposium rassemblant de nombreuses associations de parents privés de leur enfant. Nous diffuserons d’autres vidéos de cet événement très prochainement sur ce site.
Voici aujourd’hui une petite vidéo de la manifestation qui a suivi le symposium.


Manifestation Oyakonet 13 juillet 2008 from Christian Bouthier on Vimeo.

Press Conference at FCCJ – Children Lost in Japan

The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan
Press Conference, Thierry Consigny, Colin Jones & Takao Tanase
15:00-16:00 Monday, July 14, 2008
(The speech and Q & A will be in English)

“Children Lost in Japan”

An intense debate is occurring now in the media in Japan, at the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations (Nichibenren), and within the Japanese political system about adapting Japanese civil law to changes within Japanese society and to fulfilling Japan’s international legal obligations.

The latest government survey shows that over 160,000 parents in Japan cannot meet their children after a separation or divorce, and only in the best of cases are able to meet their children after the children reach adulthood. Foreign parents of dual citizenship children are no exception, with an estimated 10,000 or more such children falling into this situation. Foreign parents face additional obstacles in maintaining access with their children because of inequitable Japanese immigration policies, making it difficult for foreign parents to continue to legally live and work in Japan after a separation or divorce.

Today, 18 Japanese NPO and volunteer associations have tied up with left-behind parent associations from the U.S., UK, Canada, and France to lobby Japanese parliamentarians about changing the law.

We are at a very crucial moment where key LDP and DJP members are acting on these issues, with Japan having declared it will sign the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction as early as 2010, and adapt Japanese law to comply with this treaty beforehand.

The following experts will contribute to a press conference at the FCCJ on July 14:

  • Colin Jones, Attorney at Law (New York Bar), Law Professor of Doshisha University Law School;
  • Takao Tanase, Attorney at Law, registered with JFBA (Japan Federation of Bar Associations,
    Nichibenren), Committee on Family Law Legislation, and Law Professor of Chuo University Law School;
  • Thierry Consigny, elected member of the Assembly for French Overseas Nationals (AFE) for Japan and North Asia.

Note from Thierry Consigny: Attendance is restricted to FCCJ members but hand-outs will be posted on this website.

Japan to sign Hague Treaty on Kids

Source: http://www.japaninc.com/tt469

Two weeks ago, the Japanese government made a notable announcement that may make Japan more compatible with the legal conventions used internationally, and will be of particular benefit to non-Japanese spouses of Japanese.
The announcement was that by 2010, Japan would sign the the 1980 Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, an international legal construct that attempts to deal with the thorny issue of court jurisdiction when children of international marriages are moved cross-border, often by a parent trying to thwart a court ruling in the previous jurisdiction.
Currently, Japan is known as a haven for disaffected Japanese spouses who, in getting divorced, abscond with their kids back to Japan. Once in Japan they can dare their foreign spouses to try getting the kids back — something that despite around 13,000 international divorces a year in Japan and more overseas, has NEVER happened.
The reason for this astounding statistic, that of zero repatriations of abducted children from international marriages after the kids have been abducted to Japan, is entirely to do with the attitudes of the Japanese judiciary and their wish to maintain 19th Century customs in the face of international pressure. Japan has ratified many parts of the Hague Convention treaties over the years, but in terms of repatriation of kids, they have been claiming for 20 years now to be « studying » the issue. That’s Japan-speak for « we’re not interested in making any changes ».
Our guess is that the recent announcement occurred after pressure from the USA and Canada, in particular. Things started to come to a head about 5 years ago, when fed up by repeating occurences of child abductions from both of those countries, and despite court decisions there for custody to go to the local parent, the consular staff of a number of these foreign embassies started holding annual summits to discuss the problem. These discussions escalated to pressure on foreign governmental agencies and politicians in some of Japan’s biggest trading partners — and finally someone spoke to the Japanese government at a sufficiently high enough level to get their attention.
The subject became especially sensitive when the Japanese were at the peak of their indignation over the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens several years ago, and were seeking international support. All the while, Japanese law allowed similar types of abductions here.
In case you’re not up on the state of play, there were 44,000 international marriages registered in Japan in 2006, and probably a good percentage of that number again of Japanese marrying overseas but not bothering to register back in Japan. The divorce rate within Japan is about 30%, and for Japanese living overseas (take the US as an example), it is typical of the local population, so more like 50%-60%. Thus there are a lot of international separations — many of which are not amicable.
But it’s when the kids are involved that things start getting really nasty. Usually in the case of a divorced international couple going to court overseas and after custody is awarded, if one of the parents fears a possible adbuction situation, the couple can be placed under a restraining order not to travel without the other spouse’s consent. The USA, Canada, Australia, and UK all do this. The kids’ passports will often be withheld as well. Unfortunately, there have been a number of cases where the Japanese spouse then « loses » the kids Japanese passports and applies to the local consulate for replacements — only to hop a flight back to Tokyo a few hours later, with the kids in tow.
Once in Japan, the jurisdiction suddenly falls to the Japanese courts, even if there is a foreign arrest warrant out for the absconding partner, and in several cases, even if there is an Interpol arrest warrant out. In Japan, there is no concept of joint custody, and the partner allowed to keep the kids is the one that has held them for the previous few months.
The courts’ opinion here is that kids need a stable environment, and the act of being the only guardian for a period of time, even if that guardian was in hiding, qualifies for this — unless the kids are under 5 years old, in which case they will typically be returned to the mother (if the father is the abscondee), or to the father if the mother has deceased. But not always. There are cases where the Japanese mother has died and the Japanese grandparents have kept the kids, instead of returning them to the foreign father. You can read more about this sad state of affairs at http://www.crnjapan.com/en/.
You won’t believe that this kind of thing is still going on in a first-world country like Japan in the 21st century.
The Japanese court attitude thereby encourages Japanese spouses wanting to hang on to their kids to hightail it back to Japan and lie low for 6 months. Currently there has been no case, even after the Japanese Supreme Court has awarded rightful custody to the foreign parent, where that aggrieved foreign parent has been able to go get their kids back. The reason is quite simply that Japan doesn’t have a mechanism for properly enforcing civil suit judgments, and typically a breach of an order in a civil suit does not result in the offender being subject to a subsequent criminal suit.
Thus, the Hague Convention on child abduction provides a mechanism whereby if children are illegally removed from their country of habitual residence, they must be returned, and the jurisdiction for subsequent court decisions is taken out of the hands of the Japanese courts. This is the first step in making international court rulings involving kids, stick.
We believe that this is going to be a long and slow process, but once the treaty is signed and the first few cases start to be heard, either the kids involved will be returned or the parent trying to hang on to them will create an international brouhaha that will highlight to the world the lack of protection of rights for international parents here in Japan. Who knows, maybe this will start another process — that of allowing foreigners actually residing within Japan to also regain the simple right of access to their children after a divorce.
But in reality we think this level of change will take several more generations and a lot more foreigners living in Japan to achieve…